Low-emission ferry systems supporting sustainable urban transport
Most climate discussions about urban transportation focus exclusively on roads and rails, completely overlooking the waterways flowing through dozens of the world's most congested cities that could carry millions of daily passengers with near-zero emissions if we applied the same technological sophistication to boats that we've recently deployed for buses and trains. The irony is striking: cities spend billions constructing elevated highways and underground metros while rivers, canals, harbors, and coastal waters sit largely underutilized despite offering natural transportation corridors requiring no land acquisition, minimal infrastructure disruption, and inherent capacity for electric propulsion that makes zero-emission operations economically viable today rather than aspirational targets decades away. Lagos, with its extensive lagoon system and coastal geography, exemplifies the enormous untapped potential—approximately 22% of the metropolitan area consists of water bodies that currently move less than 2% of daily passenger trips despite offering direct connections between major residential and commercial zones that road networks serve only through circuitous, congested routes taking two to three times longer during peak periods.
What's particularly compelling about smart water transit isn't just its emission reduction potential, though that alone justifies attention given that urban transportation generates approximately 23% of global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. It's the convergence of multiple technological advances—electric propulsion, autonomous navigation, real-time passenger information systems, dynamic routing algorithms, and integrated multimodal payment platforms—transforming water transit from slow, unreliable, uncomfortable legacy services into fast, predictable, pleasant mobility options that genuinely compete with cars for journey time and convenience. The Lagos State Waterways Authority and pioneering operators in cities from Amsterdam to Auckland are demonstrating that when you combine emission-free electric vessels with intelligent operations management, demand-responsive routing, and seamless integration with broader transportation networks, water transit becomes not a nostalgic throwback but a forward-looking solution addressing simultaneously the climate crisis, urban congestion, and the accessibility challenges that plague car-dependent cities. Understanding how these systems work and why they're achieving remarkable adoption rates despite decades of water transit stagnation offers crucial insights for the hundreds of waterfront cities worldwide that could dramatically reduce emissions while improving mobility if they recognized the opportunities literally flowing past their doorsteps.
The Carbon Case for Water Transit: Why Boats Beat Cars and Buses
Water transit's fundamental climate advantage stems from physics and energy efficiency. Moving vehicles through water requires overcoming fluid resistance, which increases exponentially with speed, making high-speed water transit energy-intensive. However, at moderate speeds of 15-25 kilometers per hour—perfectly adequate for urban commuting distances of 5-15 kilometers—displacement hulls require remarkably little energy per passenger-kilometer, especially when vessels operate near capacity and benefit from economies of scale as passenger numbers increase.
Electric propulsion transforms this inherent efficiency into genuine zero-emission operations. Unlike buses operating on congested roads or trains requiring extensive electrified infrastructure, electric ferries charging at terminals need only shoreside charging stations rather than overhead catenary systems or third rails spanning entire routes. Battery technology advances over the past decade enable ferry ranges of 50-100 kilometers on single charges, more than sufficient for typical urban water transit routes with frequent terminal stops enabling opportunity charging between trips.
Comparative lifecycle analyses demonstrate water transit's climate superiority across multiple dimensions. A 150-passenger electric ferry consumes approximately 0.15-0.25 kWh per passenger-kilometer compared to 0.4-0.6 kWh for electric buses on the same routes and 2.0-3.0 kWh for private electric vehicles when accounting for typical single-occupancy usage. When electricity comes from renewable sources—increasingly feasible through solar installations at ferry terminals and power purchase agreements—water transit achieves genuine zero-emission operations without the offsetting schemes or creative accounting that characterize many "green" transportation claims.
Manufacturing and infrastructure emissions also favor water transit. Constructing roads, bridges, tunnels, and rail lines generates enormous embodied carbon from cement, steel, and construction equipment operations. Water routes require minimal infrastructure beyond terminal facilities and vessels themselves, dramatically reducing upfront carbon investments. A comprehensive ferry network serving 50,000 daily passengers might require 10-15 terminals and 20-30 vessels—infrastructure generating perhaps 5-10% of the embodied emissions from equivalent-capacity road or rail systems requiring dozens of kilometers of pavement or track plus associated stations, parking facilities, and support infrastructure.
Electric Propulsion Technology: Making Zero-Emission Water Transit Viable
Battery electric ferries have evolved from experimental demonstrations to mainstream commercial operations over the past five years, driven by lithium-ion battery cost declines from approximately $1,100 per kWh in 2010 to under $140 per kWh in 2024. This 90% cost reduction makes electric ferries economically competitive with diesel alternatives when considering total lifecycle costs including fuel, maintenance, and increasingly, carbon pricing mechanisms that penalize emissions.
Modern electric ferry designs integrate battery packs rated at 400-800 kWh for smaller vessels carrying 50-100 passengers, scaling to 2,000-4,000 kWh for larger ferries accommodating 200-400 passengers. These capacities enable 50-80 kilometer ranges sufficient for full day operations on typical urban routes with opportunity charging during turnaround periods at terminals. Fast-charging systems delivering 500-1,000 kW can replenish batteries during 10-15 minute layovers, enabling continuous operations without mid-day charging breaks that would reduce service frequency.
Electric propulsion delivers operational benefits beyond emission elimination. Electric motors generate minimal noise and vibration compared to diesel engines, dramatically improving passenger comfort and reducing noise pollution affecting waterfront communities. Maintenance costs decrease 40-60% as electric drivetrains eliminate complex engine components, fuel systems, exhaust treatment, and the frequent servicing internal combustion engines require. Operators in cities like Stockholm and Oslo report that electric ferries achieve 95-98% operational availability compared to 85-90% for diesel vessels, improving service reliability while reducing operating costs.
Hydrogen fuel cells represent an alternative zero-emission propulsion pathway suited for longer routes or larger vessels where battery weight becomes prohibitive. Several European cities are piloting hydrogen ferries for longer-distance services, though hydrogen infrastructure requirements and fuel costs currently exceed battery-electric economics for most urban applications. The National Inland Waterways Authority oversees waterways where both technologies might eventually coexist, with battery-electric dominating shorter urban routes and hydrogen serving longer intercity connections.
Intelligent Operations Management: Technology Transforming Service Quality
Smart water transit extends far beyond electric propulsion to encompass comprehensive digital systems optimizing operations, enhancing passenger experience, and enabling dynamic service adjustments impossible with traditional ferry operations. Real-time vessel tracking using GPS and AIS (Automatic Identification System) provides precise location information enabling accurate arrival time predictions, operational monitoring, and safety oversight. Passengers accessing mobile apps can see exactly where their ferry currently operates and when it will reach their boarding point, eliminating the uncertainty that historically deterred water transit ridership.
Predictive maintenance systems monitor electric drivetrains, battery health, hull integrity, and safety equipment continuously, identifying emerging issues before they cause service disruptions. Algorithms analyzing battery discharge patterns, motor temperature fluctuations, and charging characteristics can detect degradation requiring attention weeks before failures occur, enabling proactive maintenance during scheduled off-service periods rather than unplanned breakdowns disrupting operations. This predictive approach, already standard in aviation and increasingly common across transportation sectors, proves particularly valuable for water transit where vessel breakdowns can strand passengers with limited alternatives.
Dynamic routing and scheduling algorithms adjust service patterns responding to real-time demand rather than operating fixed routes regardless of passenger volumes. During special events, weather disruptions affecting road networks, or unexpected surges in specific corridors, smart systems can deploy additional vessels to high-demand routes while reducing frequency on underutilized services. This flexibility maximizes fleet utilization and passenger service quality simultaneously—outcomes impossible with rigid predetermined schedules.
Autonomous Navigation: The Next Frontier in Water Transit
Autonomous ferry operations are progressing faster than autonomous road vehicles due to less complex operating environments with fewer obstacles, clearer right-of-way rules, and lower speeds enabling safer testing and deployment. Several cities including Helsinki, Rotterdam, and Singapore operate autonomous ferry demonstrations or limited commercial services, validating technology readiness while building regulatory frameworks for broader deployment.
Autonomous operations promise substantial cost reductions by eliminating or minimizing crew requirements that represent 40-60% of typical ferry operating costs. A fully autonomous vessel might operate without permanent crew, though regulations will likely require remote monitoring and intervention capabilities for foreseeable futures. Even semi-autonomous operations where technology handles routine navigation while human operators supervise and manage passenger interactions can reduce crew requirements from 3-4 per vessel to 1-2, significantly improving economics.
Safety systems for autonomous ferries combine radar, lidar, cameras, and AIS inputs creating comprehensive environmental awareness exceeding human operator capabilities in some dimensions. Algorithms detecting obstacles, other vessels, swimmers, and navigational hazards respond faster than human reflexes, potentially reducing collision risks. However, edge cases involving unusual conditions or equipment malfunctions still challenge autonomous systems, requiring continued human oversight during transitional periods as technologies mature and regulatory confidence builds.
Integration With Multimodal Transportation Networks
Water transit maximizes impact when integrated seamlessly with broader transportation systems rather than operating as isolated services. Unified payment systems accepting the same fare cards, mobile tickets, or contactless payments across ferries, buses, trains, and bike-sharing eliminate friction that discourages multimodal journeys. Cities implementing comprehensive fare integration report that water transit ridership increases 25-40% as passengers previously deterred by payment complexity embrace ferries as routine mobility options.
Physical integration through ferry terminals co-located with bus stations, rail stops, and bicycle facilities creates convenient transfers minimizing connection times and improving perceived service quality. The Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority pursues coordinated planning ensuring that ferry terminals connect with BRT corridors, rail stations, and major bus routes, enabling passengers to complete door-to-door journeys combining multiple modes through single trip planning and payment transactions.
Real-time journey planning apps incorporating water transit alongside road and rail options enable intelligent mode choices based on current conditions. When road congestion makes bus journeys slow or rail disruptions reduce reliability, apps can recommend ferry alternatives that might prove faster or more reliable. This dynamic multimodal routing treats water transit as equal partner in comprehensive transportation networks rather than niche service for limited circumstances.
Terminal Infrastructure: Minimal Investment, Maximum Impact
Unlike road or rail infrastructure requiring extensive right-of-way acquisition and construction, ferry terminals need only modest waterfront facilities accommodating passenger boarding, ticketing, and waiting areas. A functional terminal serving 2,000-3,000 daily passengers might require just 200-400 square meters of built space plus floating pontoons enabling safe boarding across tidal ranges—infrastructure costing perhaps $500,000-$2,000,000 compared to $50-100 million for equivalent-capacity rail stations with their extensive platforms, access tunnels, mechanical systems, and structural requirements.
Floating terminals that rise and fall with tides eliminate expensive fixed pier construction and adapt to varying water levels common in tidal estuaries and rivers. Modern floating pontoon designs incorporate gangways automatically adjusting to maintain safe boarding angles regardless of tidal range, vessel loading, or weather conditions. These engineering solutions enable water transit operations in locations where conventional fixed infrastructure would prove prohibitively expensive or technically infeasible.
Solar canopies covering terminal waiting areas and parking facilities generate electricity offsetting shore power requirements for vessel charging and terminal operations. In tropical locations like Lagos with intense solar radiation and high electricity costs, terminal solar installations often achieve payback periods under five years while demonstrating visible commitment to sustainability that builds public support. Some terminals generate surplus electricity exported to grids during off-peak periods, creating revenue streams that improve project economics while supporting broader renewable energy penetration.
Demand-Responsive Service Models
Traditional ferry operations run fixed schedules whether passengers appear or not, resulting in empty or near-empty vessels consuming energy and crew time without corresponding passenger benefit. Smart water transit enables demand-responsive models where service frequency adjusts based on actual ridership patterns detected through fare system data, mobile app usage indicating journey planning, and historical patterns predicting demand variations.
On-demand micro-transit models where small electric water taxis serve requests via mobile apps represent the extreme form of demand responsiveness. Rather than fixed routes, vessels respond to passenger summons, calculating optimal routing serving multiple passengers heading similar directions. While per-passenger costs currently exceed scheduled service, declining vessel automation and electric propulsion costs may eventually make on-demand water transit economically viable for lower-density routes where fixed-schedule services cannot attract sufficient ridership.
Hybrid models combining scheduled backbone services on high-demand corridors with demand-responsive feeder services connecting low-density waterfront areas to major terminals optimize the service quality-operating cost tradeoff. Passengers in peripheral locations can request pickup via apps, with small vessels collecting riders and delivering them to main terminals where they transfer to larger, higher-frequency scheduled ferries serving central destinations. This hub-and-spoke approach extends water transit networks' effective reach without requiring economically unsustainable frequent service across all possible origin-destination pairs.
Case Study: Norway's Comprehensive Electric Ferry Transition
Norway provides the world's most advanced case study in electric ferry deployment and smart water transit operations. The country operates over 70 fully electric ferries as of 2024, with ambitious plans expanding that number to several hundred across coastal and fjord routes within the next decade. Government mandates requiring emission-free propulsion on public ferry contracts drove rapid industry transformation as vessel manufacturers and operators developed electric solutions meeting stringent performance and reliability standards.
Economic analysis demonstrates that Norwegian electric ferries achieve lower total cost of ownership than diesel alternatives on routes with appropriate length and passenger volume characteristics. Initial capital costs run 20-30% higher due to battery expenses, but fuel savings of 60-80%, maintenance reductions of 40-50%, and carbon tax avoidance deliver payback periods of 5-8 years followed by decades of cost-advantaged operations. These economics improve continuously as battery costs decline and diesel fuel costs potentially increase through carbon pricing expansion.
Operational experience validates electric ferry reliability and passenger acceptance. Norwegian operators report that electric vessels consistently achieve 96-99% schedule adherence compared to 88-93% for diesel ferries, with the dramatic reliability improvements attributable to simpler electric drivetrains and predictive maintenance systems. Passenger surveys show strong preferences for electric ferries due to reduced noise, eliminated diesel fumes, and smooth acceleration profiles electric motors enable, demonstrating that environmental benefits align with superior customer experiences.
Lagos's Smart Water Transit Evolution
Lagos's geography as a coastal megacity intersected by lagoons, creeks, and the Atlantic Ocean creates natural water transit potential that remained largely unrealized until recent years. Historical ferry services suffered from unreliable schedules, uncomfortable vessels, safety concerns, and poor integration with land transportation, relegating water transit to niche roles rather than mainstream mobility options. However, coordinated efforts by LASWA, private operators, and the state government are transforming water transit into a genuine mass transportation mode.
Modern ferry terminals at locations including Ikorodu, Marina, Mile 2, Badore, and Tarzan Jetty provide safe, comfortable embarkation points connected to road networks through dedicated access routes and parking facilities. Real-time passenger information systems display arrival times, and mobile ticketing eliminates cash payment friction that previously deterred ridership. These operational improvements, combined with newer, more comfortable vessels, have driven ridership growth of 30-50% annually on established routes while enabling viable new routes that previous service quality couldn't have sustained.
Electric ferry deployment remains nascent in Lagos but is advancing through pilot programs and operator interest driven by fuel cost economics and environmental commitments. Several private operators are evaluating electric vessels for high-frequency routes where the combination of fuel savings, reduced maintenance, and marketing differentiation justifies higher upfront investments. As these early adopters demonstrate operational viability and financial returns, broader fleet electrification will likely accelerate, potentially positioning Lagos as a leader in electric water transit deployment across emerging African economies.
Environmental Justice and Equitable Access
Water transit's climate benefits risk remaining abstractions unless accompanied by equitable access ensuring that emission reductions don't come at the expense of excluding lower-income populations. Ferry services historically catered to affluent passengers willing to pay premium fares for convenience, potentially creating two-tier transportation systems where wealthy commuters enjoy comfortable, fast water journeys while others crowd onto congested buses and informal transport.
Progressive water transit planning requires affordable fare structures comparable to buses and minibuses, ensuring economic accessibility for working-class commuters. Subsidized services, cross-subsidization where profitable routes fund essential but lower-revenue routes, and integration with fare-capped multimodal passes all help maintain affordability while building ridership volumes that improve service economics. Lagos's approach of encouraging private operators while maintaining regulatory oversight of safety and service standards attempts to balance commercial viability with public accessibility.
Terminal locations also affect equity outcomes. Concentrating ferry services in affluent waterfront neighborhoods while neglecting lower-income coastal communities reinforces inequality. Equitable network planning prioritizes routes serving working-class areas with limited transportation alternatives, recognizing that water transit should expand mobility options for everyone rather than merely providing additional convenience for already well-served populations. Community engagement in route planning ensures that networks reflect actual travel needs rather than planners' assumptions about where services should operate.
Weather Resilience and Service Reliability
Water transit faces inherent weather vulnerability as rough conditions, high winds, and reduced visibility can force service suspensions for safety reasons. However, technological advances including stabilized vessels, improved weather forecasting, and better passenger communication during disruptions substantially mitigate these traditional weaknesses. Modern catamaran ferry designs with active stabilization systems maintain passenger comfort in conditions that would have made older monohull vessels unacceptably rough, expanding the operational envelope for safe, comfortable service.
Meteorological forecasting sophistication enables proactive service adjustments anticipating weather impacts rather than reactive cancellations surprising passengers. When forecasts predict afternoon thunderstorms likely to disrupt service, morning communications can alert passengers and recommend earlier travel or alternative modes, enabling informed choices rather than last-minute surprises. This transparency improves passenger experiences even when weather forces service reductions, as advance notice enables planning around disruptions.
Climate change impacts including sea-level rise, increased storm intensity, and shifting precipitation patterns create both challenges and opportunities for water transit. Rising waters may render some existing terminal infrastructure vulnerable while simultaneously opening new navigable waterways and route possibilities. Proactive adaptation planning that anticipates these changes and designs resilient infrastructure capable of functioning across a range of future climate scenarios ensures that water transit investments remain viable across their multi-decade operational lifespans.
Economic Development and Waterfront Revitalization
Water transit catalyzes waterfront economic development by improving accessibility to previously isolated areas and creating development opportunities around ferry terminals. Real estate near terminals experiences value appreciation as land previously considered remote becomes connected to employment centers, retail districts, and cultural amenities. This value capture creates opportunities for funding transit expansion through mechanisms like tax increment financing, special assessment districts, or requiring developers to contribute to terminal construction in exchange for density bonuses.
Commercial activity clusters around busy terminals as entrepreneurs recognize captive customer bases of daily commuters passing through. Restaurants, retail shops, and service businesses create vibrant terminal environments that enhance passenger experiences while generating employment and tax revenues. Well-designed terminals that integrate commercial activities into passenger circulation spaces create synergies benefiting both transportation operations and local economic development.
Tourism potential represents another economic dimension. Water transit routes offering scenic journeys through interesting urban landscapes or natural environments can attract visitors supplementing core commuter ridership. Some cities operate differentiated services including tourist-oriented sightseeing boats alongside commuter ferries, leveraging infrastructure investments across multiple market segments. Lagos's lagoon and coastal geography provides substantial tourism potential if paired with appropriate vessel designs, route selection, and marketing emphasizing unique perspectives of the city available only from water.
Safety Systems and Regulatory Frameworks
Water transit safety requires robust technical systems, operational procedures, and regulatory oversight addressing unique marine environment risks. Modern ferries incorporate redundant propulsion systems ensuring vessels can reach shore safely even if primary drives fail, multiple fire suppression systems protecting passenger areas and machinery spaces, and comprehensive life-saving equipment including life jackets for every passenger and crew, life rafts, and emergency locator beacons. Regular safety drills, crew training certifications, and vessel inspections ensure readiness for rare but serious emergencies.
Digital safety systems including automatic collision avoidance, man-overboard detection using thermal imaging cameras, and automated distress alerting enhance traditional safety measures. When sensors detect someone falling overboard, systems can automatically alert crew, mark GPS positions, deploy life rings, and execute emergency stop procedures simultaneously—responses far faster than purely human-dependent protocols allow. These technologies particularly benefit operations during darkness or low visibility when visual observation becomes unreliable.
Regulatory frameworks must balance safety imperatives with operational flexibility enabling innovation. Overly prescriptive regulations designed around traditional diesel ferry operations can inadvertently prevent electric vessel deployment or autonomous operations even when alternative approaches achieve equal or superior safety outcomes. Progressive regulators like maritime authorities in Norway and Singapore develop performance-based standards specifying required safety outcomes while permitting technological flexibility in achieving them, enabling innovation rather than mandating obsolete approaches.
Comparative Emissions Analysis: Water Transit Versus Alternatives
Rigorous lifecycle emissions analyses comparing water transit with road and rail alternatives under equivalent conditions validate claims of climate superiority. A comprehensive study might compare carrying 10,000 daily passengers across a 12-kilometer corridor using four different modes: private cars, diesel buses, electric rail, and electric ferries, accounting for infrastructure construction emissions, vehicle manufacturing, operational energy, and maintenance across 30-year system lifespans.
Results typically show that electric water transit generates 60-75% lower lifecycle emissions than private car scenarios, 40-55% lower than diesel bus operations, and approximately equivalent to electric rail when accounting for rail's substantial infrastructure embodied carbon. The comparison becomes even more favorable for water transit when considering routes where rail construction would require tunneling, elevated structures, or extensive property acquisition—scenarios generating enormous infrastructure emissions that water routes avoid.
These analyses must account honestly for capacity utilization rates—a ferry operating half-empty loses efficiency advantages over higher-occupancy modes. However, demand-responsive scheduling and dynamic routing enabled by smart operations help maintain high capacity factors by matching supply to demand rather than running fixed schedules regardless of ridership. When electric ferries operate at 60-70% average capacity factors, their per-passenger-kilometer emissions typically range from 15-25 grams CO2-equivalent when electricity comes from mixed grids, dropping to near-zero for renewable-powered operations.
Financing Models for Rapid Deployment
Accelerating water transit deployment requires innovative financing moving beyond conventional public budget constraints. Public-private partnerships where private operators invest in vessels and terminal improvements in exchange for operating concessions can deliver rapid expansion without requiring governments to finance entire systems upfront. Revenue-sharing agreements align operator incentives with ridership growth and service quality, potentially delivering better outcomes than purely government-operated services while mobilizing private capital.
Green bonds specifically designated for emission-reducing transportation investments attract environmentally-motivated investors willing to accept slightly lower returns in exchange for verified climate impact. Several transit agencies globally have successfully issued green bonds funding electric bus and ferry acquisitions, demonstrating investor appetite for climate-positive transportation infrastructure. Transparent reporting showing actual emission reductions achieved builds investor confidence and enables repeat issuances as projects demonstrate results.
Carbon credit revenues from verified emission reductions provide ongoing funding streams supporting operations and expansion. When electric ferries displace car trips or diesel vessels, the emission reductions can qualify for carbon credits tradable in compliance or voluntary markets. While carbon prices vary widely across jurisdictions and market types, even modest credit values of $20-50 per ton CO2 can generate meaningful revenues for high-ridership systems eliminating thousands of tons annually.
Future Trajectories: Scaling Water Transit Globally
The technological, economic, and environmental case for smart water transit continues strengthening as batteries improve, autonomous capabilities mature, and climate urgency intensifies. Hundreds of coastal and riverine cities worldwide possess water transit potential comparable to Lagos, yet most operate minimal or nonexistent ferry services. Replicating successful models from leaders like Norway, Singapore, and emerging innovators across Africa and Asia could potentially serve tens of millions of additional daily passengers through low-emission water transit within the next decade.
Standardization of vessel designs, terminal configurations, and operational systems can accelerate deployment while reducing costs through manufacturing scale. Just as bus rapid transit proliferated globally through standardized designs adaptable to local conditions, water transit could benefit from reference designs that municipalities can implement without extensive custom engineering. International organizations including the United Nations, development banks, and climate funds could support this standardization while providing financing and technical assistance to emerging water transit systems.
Call to Action: Unlocking Your City's Water Transit Potential
Whether you live in a coastal megacity, a river town, or anywhere with underutilized waterways, the opportunity exists to dramatically reduce transportation emissions while improving mobility through smart water transit deployment. The technologies enabling zero-emission, passenger-friendly water transportation exist today at increasingly competitive costs, waiting for political will, public demand, and entrepreneurial initiative to unlock their potential. Research whether your city has conducted water transit feasibility studies and advocate with local officials to prioritize these investigations if they haven't occurred. Share this article with transportation planners, environmental organizations, and community groups who could champion water transit as part of comprehensive climate action and mobility improvement strategies. Join conversations about sustainable transportation solutions and contribute your experiences with water transit systems you've used in other cities that demonstrate what's possible when we fully utilize our urban waterways. What water routes in your city could potentially serve thousands of daily passengers if equipped with modern electric ferries and smart operations? How can we overcome the institutional inertia and road-centric thinking that prevents water transit from receiving the attention and investment it deserves? Share your thoughts in the comments below, engage with local transportation advocacy organizations pushing for multimodal solutions, and let's build momentum for the water transit revolution that can simultaneously address climate change, urban congestion, and equitable access to opportunity in waterfront cities worldwide.
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